Zemědělství a průmysl
Zemědělství
Jednoduché plantážní zemědělství většiny afrických států (kromě JAR) způsobuje jejich hospodářskou závislost na pohybu cen příslušné komodity na světových trzích, pohyb cen je však ovlivňován také i přírodními podmínkami v produkčních oblastech. Na plantážích se přednostně pěstuje ta plodina, která má v dané oblasti nejlepší předpoklady, nezáleže na vyčerpání půdy. Výjimkou jsou jen farmy, které mají zahraniční kapitál. Obrovským problémem je i trvalý úbytek zemědělské půdy. Hlavní příčinou jsou nevhodné zásahy člověka do krajiny. Lidé přetěžují půdu svými nadměrnými požadavky - chov příliš velkého počtu zvířat na chudých pastvinách (Sahel), extrémní těžba stromů, důsledek žďáření. Některé oblasti Afriky často pustoší roje kobylek (Sarančata).
Pro zemědělství v Africe jsou nejvhodnějšími oblastmi delty a dolní toky řek plus pobřežní oblasti.
Rostlinná výroba má v rámci Afriky rozhodující postavení. Výrobní struktura závisí zvláště na chodu a množství srážek.
V tropickém pásu v oblasti rovníku jsou původním pokryvem deštné pralesy, ve kterých dochází k těžení vzácného dřeva. V řídce osídlených oblastech se pěstuje rýže, batáty, luštěniny, sója, citrusy a banány. Na plantážích se na export pěstují především kakaovník a palma kokosová a olejná. Ve sklizni kakaa zaujímá Afrika vedoucí postavení v celém světě (80% světového objemu). Významnými exportními plodinami jsou i kaučukovník a koření.
Na sever a na jih od rovníkové oblasti je v období sucha produkce možná jen při umělém zavlažování. Např. v oázách se využívá podzemní vody. Pěstuje se zde hlavně rýže, kukuřice, pšenice, luštěniny, sója, datle aj.. Pro export se na plantážích pěstuje především podzemnice olejná a kávovník. Afrika je světovým producentem podzemnice olejné a kávy. Mezi další exportní plodiny patří kakaovník, čajovník, cukrová třtina, bavlník, jutovník a datlovník.
V subtropické oblasti dominují kromě již zmiňovaných plodin i hrozny. Pro export se navíc pěstují fíky a hrozny.
Specifickými exportními produkty pro severní Afriku jsou kůra korkového dubu a esparto.
Živočišná výroba má druhořadé postavení. V Africe je nedostatek obživy pro lidi, natož pro zvířata. Africké savany a stepi jsou ideálními pastvinami. Paradoxně ale nemohou být pro chov dostatečně využívány. Dochází zde ke střetům mezi ochránci divoké přírody a pastevci. Dalším problémem je moucha tse-tse, která je přenašečkou spavé nemoci. Islámské náboženství zakazuje konzum prasat, proto se nechovají. Krávy se chovají pro mléko jenom zřídka. Chovají se zde převážně kozy, ovce a drůbež. V extrémních podmínkách se chovají velbloudi. Při dolních tocích řek a jejich deltách je významný sladkovodní rybolov, lov mořských živočichů má jen místní význam.
Průmysl
Přesto, že má Afrika obrovské zdroje surovin a nadbytek levné pracovní síly, je kromě JAR průmysl rozvinut nedostatečně. Je zaměřen převážně na těžbu surovin, zpracování zemědělských produktů, produkci textilního a kožedělného průmyslu. Příčinou nedostatečného průmyslového rozvoje je především nízká úroveň vzdělanosti obyvatelstva, nedostatečná dopravní síť a hlavně nedostatek kapitálu.
Významnou částí exportu řady afrických států jsou produkty těžebního průmyslu. Nejvíce ropy a zemního plynu produkují Libye, Alžírsko a Nigérie. Světově významnou těžbu měděné rudy mají Zambie, Zair a Zimbabwe (tzv. měděný pás). Uranová ruda, zlato, fosfáty se těží zvláště v Maroku a Tunisu. Obrovské zásoby a významnou těžbu železné rudy mají Libérie a Mauretánie.
Vyspělý zpracovatelský průmysl je v podstatě soustředěn jen v Jihoafrické republice a částečně i v tzv. měděném pásmu v Zairu, Zambii a Zimbabwe.
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